We extend our gratitude to all those who contributed their time, knowledge, and wisdom in the development of The History of the Land. This project would not have been possible without the invaluable input and guidance from Archaeological Research Associated Ltd. (ARA), as well as the First Nations and their representatives, whose voices and histories are at the heart of this work.
We especially wish to thank the following people and Nations for their generosity in sharing their knowledge, insights, and cultural perspectives. Your contributions have enriched the content of this site and provided essential context to the histories of the land we now steward. Specifically, to the elders, leaders, and community members who offered advice and feedback at every stage of this project, we offer our sincerest thanks. May your dedication to preserving and teaching the history of your peoples be a source of inspiration for many, as it was for those working on this project.
Tanya Hill-Montour
Lonny Bomberry
Phil Montour
Dawn Russel
Tayler Hill
Darin Wybenga
Adam LaForme
Todd Williams
Owen Greene
Sharann Martin
Adrian Jacobs
Meghan DeVries
Shelby Haggerty
Nicole Benbow
This website is a reflection of a collective effort, and we hope it serves as a meaningful tribute to all who came before us. We will continue to learn from all that we discovered throughout this process.
To learn more about the First Nations who represent the ancestral communities of the people who stewarded this land before us, we invite you to visit their websites:
Woodland Cultural Centre, accessed November 4, 2022.
Ancestors Family Search - Ontario. . Image. Ancestors Family Search Ontario. Accessed August 13, 2022.
Asch, Michael. On Being Here to Stay: Treaties and Aboriginal Rights in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014.
Assembly of First Nations, AFN, November 20, 2019, video, 8:05.
Bellfy, Phil. Three Fires Unity: The Anishinaabeg of the Lake Huron Borderlands. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011.
Belshaw, John Douglas. . Victoria: BC Open Textbook Project, BCcampus, 2015.
Belshaw, John, Chelsea Horton, and Sarah Nickel. . Kamloops: Thompson Rivers University, 2020.
Brandao, Jose Antonio. Your Fyres Shall Burn No More: Iroquois Policy toward New France and Its Native Allies to 1701. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
Bursey, Jeff, Hugh Daechsel, Andrew Hinshelwood, and Carl Murphy. Ontario Archaeological Society. Accessed July 26, 2022.
Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Accessed September 5, 2024.
Cooper, Justin. Interview by Nicole Benbow, August 17, 2022.
De Bolster, Henry R. Stepping Forward in Faith: www.亚洲色 College, 1974-1994. Belleville, Ont.: Guardian Books, 2001.
Fenton, William N. The Great Law and the Longhouse: A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
Ferris, Neal and Michael Spence. 鈥淭he Woodland Traditions of Southern Ontario.鈥� Journal of American Archaeology 9 (1995): 83-138.
Glover, Fred. The Canadian Encyclopedia. March 31, 2020.
Grimwood, Paul, and Ancaster Township Historical Society (Ont. Ancaster鈥檚 Heritage, Volume 2 : A History of Ancaster Township. Ancaster, Ont.: Ancaster Township Historical Society, 1998.
Hamilton Civic Museums. 2021.
Hele, Karl S. The Canadian Encyclopedia. December 1, 2023.
Laxer, Daniel, Jean-Pierre Morin, and Alison Norman. Active History, November 5, 2018.
Library and Archives Canada, and Government of Canada, Department of Indigenous and Northern Affairs. . October 7, 1763. Image. University of Toronto Library Archives.
MacDonald, Robert. Ontario Archaeology 48 (1988): 17-26.
McCulloch, A. 鈥淟ot 49, Con. 3鈥� In Ancaster鈥檚 Heritage: A History of Ancaster Township, edited by Ancaster Township Historical Society, 6-7. Ancaster, 1973.
Mcmillan, Alan D, and Eldon Yellowhorn. First Peoples in Canada. Vancouver: Douglas & Mcintyre, 2004.
Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation. n.d.
Morton, John B. 鈥淭he Indian Era.鈥� In Ancaster鈥檚 Heritage: A History of Ancaster Township, edited by Ancaster Township Historical Society, 6-7. Ancaster, 1973.
Munson, Marit K, and Susan M. Jamieson, eds. Before Ontario: The Archaeology of a Province. Montre虂al & Kingston: Mcgill-Queen鈥檚 University Press, 2013.
Neusius, Sarah W. and G. Timothy Gross (2014). 鈥淪eeking Our Past: An Introduction to North American Archaeology.鈥� Oxford University Press.
New Directions Archaeology Ltd. 鈥淩eport on the Uren Burial Located in the North Part of the Redeemer College Site (AhGx-114), www.亚洲色 College Property, Lot 49, Con 3, Geographic Township of Ancaster, City of Hamilton.鈥� Ancaster: New Directions Archaeology Ltd., February 2012.
鈥斺�斺��. 鈥淪tage 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Whaley I (AhGx-115) and Whaley II (AhGx-116) Sites, 149 Stonehenge Road, Town of Ancaster, City of Hamilton.鈥� Ancaster: New Directions Archaeology Ltd., April 2007.
鈥斺�斺��. 鈥淪tage 4 Archaeological Assessment of the New Spring Site (AhGx-419), www.亚洲色 College Property, City of Hamilton.鈥� Ancaster: New Directions Archaeology Ltd., January 2006.
鈥斺�斺��. 鈥淪tage 4 Archaeological Excavation of the Southern Part of the Redeemer College Site (AhGx-114), www.亚洲色 College Property, Town of Ancaster.鈥� Ancaster: New Directions Archaeology Ltd., October 2008.
鈥斺�斺��. 鈥淪tage 4 Excavation of the North Part of the Redeemer College Site (AhGx-114), www.亚洲色 College Property, Lot 49, Con 3, Geographic Township of Ancaster, City of Hamilton.鈥� Ancaster: New Directions Archaeology Ltd., February 2012.
Noble, William C. The Canadian Encyclopedia. November 20, 2015.
Nunn, Nathan, and Nancy Qian. Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no. 2 (2010):163-188. doi=10.1257/jep.24.2.163.
Onondaga Historical Association. YouTube Video, 55:26. May 17, 2015.
Ontario Land Registry Access. Abstract/Parcel Registry Book. . 70-98.
Parks, Amanda. Graduate Thesis. The University of Western Ontario, 2018.
Parmenter, Jon. The William and Mary Quarterly, 64, no. 1 (2007): 36-76. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4491596.
Parmenter, Jon. The Edge of the Woods: Iroquoia, 1534-1701. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2010.
Parsons, Jeremy. Master鈥檚 Thesis, McMaster University, 2015.
Rice, Brian. The Rotinonshonni. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2013.
Starr, Taylor D., Amina Dirie, Wyeth Robertson, Heather Driscoll, and Catherine Ellis. Last modified August 20, 2021.
鈥淪tatement of Claim.鈥� . Six Nations of the Grand River. 2023.
Talking Treaties Collective. A Treaty Guide for Torontonians. 2nd ed. Toronto: Art Metropole, 2022.
Six Nations Lands and Resources. Last modified 2008, Six Nations Council.
Tomchuk, Travis. Canadian Museum for Human Rights. Last modified May 11, 2023.
United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada. United Empire Loyalists鈥� Association of Canada. Accessed July 22, 2022.
Woodhouse, T. Roy. 鈥淪urvey and Settlement Method.鈥� In Ancaster鈥檚 Heritage: A History of Ancaster Township, edited by Ancaster Township Historical Society. Ancaster, 1973.
Woodhouse, T. Roy. 鈥淭he First Actual Settlers.鈥� In Ancaster鈥檚 Heritage: A History of Ancaster Township, edited by Ancaster Township Historical Society. Ancaster, 1973.
